Accounting & Finance

Accounting in ERPNext is built on real double-entry bookkeeping. Every transaction — whether a Sales Invoice, Payment Entry, or Stock Entry — produces General Ledger entries that keep your books balanced automatically. In this chapter we set up a full Chart of Accounts for an Indian franchise ice cream business, configure GST, create invoices and payments programmatically, and explore multi-company consolidated reporting.

If you’re coming from a Node.js stack, think of the GL as an append-only ledger the framework writes for you: you never hand-craft balancing rows the way you’d build double-entry logic by hand in an Express service. You post a business document; ERPNext derives the balanced GL entries.

Chart of Accounts: structure & root types

ERPNext organises accounts in a tree hierarchy. Every account belongs to one of five root types:

Root Type	Purpose	Examples
Asset	What the business owns	Bank, Cash, Inventory, Equipment
Liability	What the business owes	Creditors, GST Payable, Loans
Equity	Owner’s stake	Capital, Retained Earnings
Income	Revenue streams	Sales, Service Income, Interest
Expense	Costs incurred	COGS, Rent, Salaries, Marketing

Within the tree, nodes are either Groups (containers) or Ledgers (leaf accounts where transactions post). You can only post transactions to Ledger accounts.

Each account also carries an account_type that tells ERPNext how to treat it:

Account Type	Used For
Receivable	Customer outstanding (Debtors)
Payable	Supplier outstanding (Creditors)
Bank	Bank accounts for reconciliation
Cash	Cash-in-hand accounts
Stock	Inventory valuation accounts
Cost of Goods Sold	COGS posting from stock transactions
Tax	GST, TDS, and other tax ledgers
Depreciation	Fixed asset depreciation

Setting up the Chart of Accounts for ScoopJoy

When you create a Company in ERPNext with country set to India, the system bootstraps a standard Indian COA from a JSON template stored at erpnext/accounts/doctype/account/chart_of_accounts/verified/in_standard.json. You then customise it.

Here is the target structure for ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd:

Application of Funds (Assets) [Asset]
  Current Assets
    Accounts Receivable
      Debtors - SJ
    Bank Accounts
      HDFC Current Account - SJ
      Razorpay Settlement Account - SJ
    Cash In Hand
      Cash - SJ
      POS Cash - SJ
    Stock Assets
      Stock In Hand - SJ
    Loans and Advances
      TDS Receivable - SJ
  Fixed Assets
    Furniture and Fixtures - SJ
    Kitchen Equipment - SJ
    Refrigeration Equipment - SJ
    Accumulated Depreciation - SJ

Source of Funds (Liabilities) [Liability]
  Current Liabilities
    Accounts Payable
      Creditors - SJ
    Duties and Taxes
      Output Tax CGST - SJ
      Output Tax SGST - SJ
      Output Tax IGST - SJ
      Input Tax CGST - SJ
      Input Tax SGST - SJ
      Input Tax IGST - SJ
      TDS Payable - SJ
    Provisions
      Provision for Expenses - SJ

Equity [Equity]
  Capital Account
    Share Capital - SJ
  Retained Earnings - SJ

Income [Income]
  Direct Income
    Sales - SJ
    Franchise Royalty Income - SJ
  Indirect Income
    Interest Income - SJ

Expenses [Expense]
  Direct Expenses
    Cost of Goods Sold - SJ
    Stock Adjustment - SJ
  Indirect Expenses
    Rent - SJ
    Salaries - SJ
    Electricity - SJ
    Marketing - SJ
    Delivery Charges - SJ
    Depreciation - SJ
    Miscellaneous Expenses - SJ

Creating an account programmatically

Accounts are just DocTypes, so you create them with the ORM like any other record:

Create a ledger account under Indirect Expenses

import frappe

account = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Account",
    "account_name": "Packaging Expenses",
    "parent_account": "Indirect Expenses - SJ",
    "root_type": "Expense",
    "account_type": "",
    "is_group": 0,
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd"
})
account.insert()
frappe.db.commit()

The same thing over the auto-generated REST API:

curl -X POST https://erp.scoopjoy.com/api/resource/Account \
  -H "Authorization: token api_key:api_secret" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "account_name": "Packaging Expenses",
    "parent_account": "Indirect Expenses - SJ",
    "root_type": "Expense",
    "is_group": 0,
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd"
  }'

Pro tip

Use the built-in Chart of Accounts Importer (Accounts > Chart of Accounts Importer) to bulk-upload a customised COA from a spreadsheet — handy when migrating from Tally or another system.

Company setup

Before any accounting works, you need a Company and a Fiscal Year.

Create the company

company = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Company",
    "company_name": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "abbr": "SJ",
    "country": "India",
    "default_currency": "INR",
    "chart_of_accounts": "Standard",
    "enable_perpetual_inventory": 1,       # Stock posts to GL automatically
    "default_receivable_account": "Debtors - SJ",
    "default_payable_account": "Creditors - SJ",
    "default_income_account": "Sales - SJ",
    "default_expense_account": "Cost of Goods Sold - SJ",
    "default_cash_account": "Cash - SJ",
    "cost_center": "Main - SJ"
})
company.insert()

Create the fiscal year

fy = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Fiscal Year",
    "year": "2025-2026",
    "year_start_date": "2025-04-01",
    "year_end_date": "2026-03-31",
    "companies": [
        {"company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd"}
    ]
})
fy.insert()

India’s fiscal year runs April to March. ERPNext enforces this across all accounting reports.

Journal Entry: manual double-entry bookkeeping

A Journal Entry is used when no specialised document (Sales Invoice, Payment Entry) fits. Common uses: adjustments, write-offs, provisions, opening balances.

Say the founders invest INR 50,00,000 into the business. We debit the bank and credit share capital:

Record initial capital investment

je = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Journal Entry",
    "posting_date": "2025-04-01",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "accounts": [
        {
            "account": "HDFC Current Account - SJ",
            "debit_in_account_currency": 5000000,
            "credit_in_account_currency": 0
        },
        {
            "account": "Share Capital - SJ",
            "debit_in_account_currency": 0,
            "credit_in_account_currency": 5000000
        }
    ],
    "user_remark": "Initial capital investment by founders"
})
je.insert()
je.submit()

The GL entries produced:

Account	Debit (INR)	Credit (INR)
HDFC Current Account - SJ	50,00,000
Share Capital - SJ		50,00,000

Journal Entries skip validations

Journal Entries bypass many validations that specialised documents enforce (like tax calculations and stock updates). Use them only when no better document type exists.

Sales Invoice and Payment Entry flow

This is the most common accounting flow for retail ice cream sales. The document posts revenue, tax, and (because Perpetual Inventory is on) the COGS side too — then a Payment Entry settles the receivable.

Sales Invoice → Payment posting flow

Rendering diagram…

1. Create a Sales Invoice. Via the UI: Accounts > Sales Invoice > New. Programmatically (a POS sale):

   POS Sales Invoice

   si = frappe.get_doc({
       "doctype": "Sales Invoice",
       "customer": "Walk-in Customer",
       "posting_date": "2025-07-15",
       "posting_time": "14:30:00",
       "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
       "currency": "INR",
       "selling_price_list": "Standard Selling",
       "debit_to": "Debtors - SJ",
       "is_pos": 1,
       "pos_profile": "ScoopJoy Outlet 1 POS",
       "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ",
       "taxes_and_charges": "In-State GST - SJ",
       "items": [
           {
               "item_code": "SCOOP-VAN-REG",
               "item_name": "Vanilla Ice Cream - Regular",
               "qty": 2,
               "rate": 120,
               "warehouse": "Outlet 1 - SJ",
               "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ"
           },
           {
               "item_code": "SCOOP-CHOC-LRG",
               "item_name": "Chocolate Ice Cream - Large",
               "qty": 1,
               "rate": 180,
               "warehouse": "Outlet 1 - SJ",
               "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ"
           }
       ],
       "payments": [
           {
               "mode_of_payment": "Cash",
               "amount": 495.60   # after GST
           }
       ]
   })
   si.insert()
   si.submit()
   frappe.db.commit()
   
   print(f"Invoice: {si.name}, Grand Total: {si.grand_total}")

   The submitted Sales Invoice generates these GL entries:

   Account	Debit (INR)	Credit (INR)
   Debtors - SJ	495.60
   Sales - SJ		420.00
   Output Tax CGST - SJ		37.80
   Output Tax SGST - SJ		37.80
   Cost of Goods Sold - SJ	210.00
   Stock In Hand - SJ		210.00

   (The COGS entries appear because Perpetual Inventory is enabled.)

2. Create a Payment Entry for non-POS invoices where payment comes later:

   Payment Entry from a Sales Invoice

   from erpnext.accounts.doctype.payment_entry.payment_entry import get_payment_entry
   
   pe = get_payment_entry("Sales Invoice", si.name)
   pe.mode_of_payment = "Bank Transfer"
   pe.paid_to = "HDFC Current Account - SJ"
   pe.reference_no = "UTR-20250715-001"
   pe.reference_date = "2025-07-15"
   pe.insert()
   pe.submit()

Pro tip

get_payment_entry is the recommended way to create Payment Entries — it pre-fills amounts, accounts, and references from the source document automatically.

Purchase Invoice and Payment Entry flow

The buying side mirrors selling. A Purchase Invoice for raw materials credits the supplier (Creditors) and a Payment Entry settles it.

Purchase Invoice for raw materials

pi = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Purchase Invoice",
    "supplier": "Fresh Dairy Suppliers",
    "posting_date": "2025-07-10",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "credit_to": "Creditors - SJ",
    "taxes_and_charges": "In-State GST Purchase - SJ",
    "items": [
        {
            "item_code": "RM-MILK-FULL",
            "item_name": "Full Cream Milk",
            "qty": 500,
            "rate": 55,
            "uom": "Litre",
            "warehouse": "Central Kitchen - SJ",
            "expense_account": "Cost of Goods Sold - SJ"
        },
        {
            "item_code": "RM-SUGAR",
            "item_name": "Sugar",
            "qty": 50,
            "rate": 42,
            "uom": "Kg",
            "warehouse": "Central Kitchen - SJ",
            "expense_account": "Cost of Goods Sold - SJ"
        }
    ]
})
pi.insert()
pi.submit()

Pay the supplier

from erpnext.accounts.doctype.payment_entry.payment_entry import get_payment_entry

pe = get_payment_entry("Purchase Invoice", pi.name)
pe.mode_of_payment = "Bank Transfer"
pe.paid_from = "HDFC Current Account - SJ"
pe.reference_no = "NEFT-20250712-042"
pe.reference_date = "2025-07-12"
pe.insert()
pe.submit()

Multi-company accounting

For a franchise model, set up a parent company with child companies for each outlet:

ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd  (Parent)
  ├── ScoopJoy Outlet 1 - Indiranagar
  ├── ScoopJoy Outlet 2 - Koramangala
  └── ScoopJoy Outlet 3 - MG Road

Create a child company

outlet = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Company",
    "company_name": "ScoopJoy Outlet 1 - Indiranagar",
    "abbr": "SJ1",
    "country": "India",
    "default_currency": "INR",
    "parent_company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "chart_of_accounts": "Standard",
    "enable_perpetual_inventory": 1
})
outlet.insert()

Each child company gets its own Chart of Accounts, Cost Centers, and independent books while rolling up into consolidated reports.

Inter-company transactions

Inter-company transactions automatically mirror a posting from one company into its counterpart. To set them up:

1. Mark accounts as Inter Company Account in the Chart of Accounts of both companies.
2. Create internal customers/suppliers linking the two companies.

Suppose Outlet 1 pays a 5% royalty to the parent company on monthly sales of INR 8,00,000 — that’s INR 40,000:

Inter-company royalty Journal Entry (Outlet 1)

je = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Journal Entry",
    "voucher_type": "Inter Company Journal Entry",
    "posting_date": "2025-07-31",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Outlet 1 - Indiranagar",
    "accounts": [
        {
            "account": "Franchise Royalty Expense - SJ1",
            "debit_in_account_currency": 40000,
            "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ1"
        },
        {
            "account": "Inter Company Payable - SJ1",
            "party_type": "Supplier",
            "party": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd (Internal)",
            "credit_in_account_currency": 40000
        }
    ],
    "inter_company_journal_entry_reference": ""
})
je.insert()
je.submit()

When submitted, ERPNext automatically creates a mirror entry in the parent company:

Parent Company GL	Debit	Credit
Inter Company Receivable - SJ	40,000
Franchise Royalty Income - SJ		40,000

Pro tip

Enable Auto Create Inter Company Journal Entry in Accounts Settings to have mirror entries created automatically on submission.

Bank reconciliation

ERPNext provides Bank Reconciliation under Accounts > Bank Reconciliation. The workflow:

1. Import a bank statement (CSV/OFX) or connect via Plaid integration.
2. ERPNext creates Bank Transaction records for each statement line.
3. Match each Bank Transaction against Payment Entries, Journal Entries, or Expense Claims.
4. Reconcile matched entries.

In v16, accounting reports are faster thanks to Frappe Caffeine caching, and better periodic inventory automation reduces month-end reconciliation work. The community Mint app (open-source) adds fuzzy matching, bulk reconciliation, and undo history on top of ERPNext’s built-in flow.

Reconcile a bank transaction programmatically

bt = frappe.get_doc("Bank Transaction", "BT-2025-00142")
bt.append("payment_entries", {
    "payment_document": "Payment Entry",
    "payment_entry": "PE-2025-00089",
    "allocated_amount": 15000
})
bt.save()

Tax configuration: GST for India

India compliance in ERPNext is handled via the India Compliance app (india_compliance), which auto-configures GST accounts, HSN codes, and tax templates.

ERPNext creates separate accounts for sales (output) and purchase (input) GST:

Account	Type	Used In
Output Tax CGST	Tax	Sales Invoices (intra-state)
Output Tax SGST	Tax	Sales Invoices (intra-state)
Output Tax IGST	Tax	Sales Invoices (inter-state)
Input Tax CGST	Tax	Purchase Invoices (intra-state)
Input Tax SGST	Tax	Purchase Invoices (intra-state)
Input Tax IGST	Tax	Purchase Invoices (inter-state)

Tax templates

You need two Sales Tax Templates and two Purchase Tax Templates. Intra-state sales split GST into CGST + SGST:

In-state sales template (CGST + SGST)

tax_template = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Sales Taxes and Charges Template",
    "title": "In-State GST - SJ",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "tax_category": "In-State",
    "taxes": [
        {
            "charge_type": "On Net Total",
            "account_head": "Output Tax CGST - SJ",
            "description": "CGST @ 9%",
            "rate": 9
        },
        {
            "charge_type": "On Net Total",
            "account_head": "Output Tax SGST - SJ",
            "description": "SGST @ 9%",
            "rate": 9
        }
    ]
})
tax_template.insert()

Inter-state sales use a single IGST line:

Out-of-state sales template (IGST)

tax_template_igst = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Sales Taxes and Charges Template",
    "title": "Out-of-State GST - SJ",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "tax_category": "Out-State",
    "taxes": [
        {
            "charge_type": "On Net Total",
            "account_head": "Output Tax IGST - SJ",
            "description": "IGST @ 18%",
            "rate": 18
        }
    ]
})
tax_template_igst.insert()

GST-compliant invoice example

Attach the template and the per-item HSN code; ERPNext computes the tax:

GST-compliant Sales Invoice

si = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Sales Invoice",
    "customer": "Café Bliss",
    "posting_date": "2025-07-15",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "currency": "INR",
    "debit_to": "Debtors - SJ",
    # Tax category auto-detects from addresses
    "taxes_and_charges": "In-State GST - SJ",
    "items": [
        {
            "item_code": "SCOOP-MIX-5L",
            "item_name": "Vanilla Ice Cream Mix - 5L Tub",
            "qty": 20,
            "rate": 450,
            "warehouse": "Central Kitchen - SJ",
            "gst_hsn_code": "21050000",    # HSN code for ice cream
            "cost_center": "Main - SJ"
        }
    ]
})
si.insert()
si.submit()
# Grand Total: 9000 + 810 (CGST) + 810 (SGST) = 10620

TDS (Tax Deducted at Source)

ERPNext v16 has a refactored TDS module with simplified workflows. Tag a supplier with a withholding category:

Enable TDS on a supplier

supplier = frappe.get_doc("Supplier", "Marketing Agency XYZ")
supplier.tax_withholding_category = "TDS - 194C - Contractors"
supplier.save()

When you create a Purchase Invoice for this supplier, ERPNext automatically calculates the TDS amount based on the withholding category’s thresholds and rates.

Item tax templates

For items with non-standard GST rates (e.g., 5% on basic food items vs. 18% on premium products):

5% GST Item Tax Template

item_tax = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Item Tax Template",
    "title": "GST 5% - SJ",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "taxes": [
        {
            "tax_type": "Output Tax CGST - SJ",
            "tax_rate": 2.5
        },
        {
            "tax_type": "Output Tax SGST - SJ",
            "tax_rate": 2.5
        },
        {
            "tax_type": "Output Tax IGST - SJ",
            "tax_rate": 5
        }
    ]
})
item_tax.insert()

Assign this template to items in the Item master under the Taxes tab.

Pro tip

The India Compliance app handles GST determination automatically based on company and customer addresses. Set the GST State and GSTIN fields on all Address records for automatic in-state vs. out-of-state detection.

Cost Centers: per-outlet profitability

Cost Centers let you track profitability by outlet, department, or project — independent of the Chart of Accounts hierarchy.

ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd (root)
  ├── Main - SJ                    (Head Office)
  ├── Central Kitchen - SJ         (Production)
  ├── Outlet 1 - SJ                (Indiranagar)
  ├── Outlet 2 - SJ                (Koramangala)
  ├── Outlet 3 - SJ                (MG Road)
  └── Online Orders - SJ          (Swiggy/Zomato)

Create a Cost Center

cc = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Cost Center",
    "cost_center_name": "Outlet 1",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "parent_cost_center": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd - SJ",
    "is_group": 0
})
cc.insert()

Every transaction (invoice, journal entry, expense claim) can tag a cost center. Then use Accounts > Profitability Analysis to see P&L per cost center.

Fetch P&L for one cost center via the report API

from frappe.utils import getdate

result = frappe.call(
    "erpnext.accounts.report.profit_and_loss_statement.profit_and_loss_statement.execute",
    filters={
        "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
        "filter_based_on": "Fiscal Year",
        "fiscal_year": "2025-2026",
        "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ",
        "periodicity": "Monthly"
    }
)
columns, data = result

Budget management

Budgets control spending per cost center and account.

Set up an annual budget

budget = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Budget",
    "budget_against": "Cost Center",
    "cost_center": "Outlet 1 - SJ",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "fiscal_year": "2025-2026",
    "action_if_annual_budget_exceeded": "Stop",
    "action_if_accumulated_monthly_budget_exceeded": "Warn",
    "accounts": [
        {
            "account": "Marketing - SJ",
            "budget_amount": 120000    # 1.2 lakh per year
        },
        {
            "account": "Rent - SJ",
            "budget_amount": 600000    # 6 lakh per year
        },
        {
            "account": "Electricity - SJ",
            "budget_amount": 180000
        }
    ]
})
budget.insert()
budget.submit()

When anyone tries to post an expense to Marketing - SJ for Outlet 1 that would exceed the budget, ERPNext will block the transaction (Stop) or show a warning (Warn) based on your configuration.

v16 improvement

Budgeting controls are now enforced at transaction time with real-time budget consumption tracking. Automated alerts notify stakeholders when expenses approach or exceed limits.

Financial reports

ERPNext includes all standard financial reports out of the box:

Report	Path	Purpose
Profit & Loss	Accounts > P&L Statement	Revenue minus expenses for a period
Balance Sheet	Accounts > Balance Sheet	Assets, liabilities, equity snapshot
Trial Balance	Accounts > Trial Balance	Debit/credit balances of all accounts
Cash Flow	Accounts > Cash Flow	Cash inflows/outflows by activity
General Ledger	Accounts > General Ledger	All GL entries with filters
Accounts Receivable	Accounts > Accounts Receivable	Customer-wise outstanding
Accounts Payable	Accounts > Accounts Payable	Supplier-wise outstanding
Budget Variance	Accounts > Budget Variance	Actual vs. budgeted amounts

v16 improvement

Customizable Financial Statement Templates let you design tailored layouts for P&L, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow without developer involvement.

You can also pull GL data directly with the ORM:

General Ledger for one account

gl_entries = frappe.get_all("GL Entry",
    filters={
        "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
        "account": "Sales - SJ",
        "posting_date": ["between", ["2025-07-01", "2025-07-31"]]
    },
    fields=["posting_date", "voucher_type", "voucher_no", "debit", "credit"],
    order_by="posting_date asc"
)

Consolidated financial statements

For multi-company setups, ERPNext generates consolidated reports across the parent and all child companies. Navigate to any financial report and select Filter by Company Group to see the consolidated view. ERPNext handles:

• Currency conversion for child companies in different currencies.
• Elimination of inter-company transactions.
• Roll-up of all child company balances.

v16 improvement

The Consolidated Trial Balance provides a unified view across all child companies with automated currency conversion.

Consolidated Trial Balance

result = frappe.call(
    "erpnext.accounts.report.consolidated_financial_statement.consolidated_financial_statement.execute",
    filters={
        "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
        "filter_based_on": "Fiscal Year",
        "fiscal_year": "2025-2026",
        "periodicity": "Yearly"
    }
)

Period Closing Voucher & year-end

At the end of each accounting period (month, quarter, or year), use the Period Closing Voucher to transfer net profit/loss to a closing account.

Year-end Period Closing Voucher

pcv = frappe.get_doc({
    "doctype": "Period Closing Voucher",
    "posting_date": "2026-03-31",
    "transaction_date": "2026-03-31",
    "fiscal_year": "2025-2026",
    "company": "ScoopJoy Ice Creams Pvt Ltd",
    "closing_account_head": "Retained Earnings - SJ",
    "remarks": "Closing FY 2025-2026"
})
pcv.insert()
pcv.submit()

This zeroes out all Income and Expense accounts and posts the net balance to Retained Earnings, preparing the books for the new fiscal year.

The year-end checklist:

1. Reconcile all bank accounts.
2. Verify stock valuation matches GL (Stock Balance vs. Stock In Hand account).
3. Process all pending depreciation entries.
4. Review and clear suspense accounts.
5. Submit the Period Closing Voucher.
6. Create the next Fiscal Year.
7. Verify opening balances carry forward correctly.

Payment gateway integration

ERPNext supports payment gateways (Razorpay, Stripe, PayPal) for online payments. Configuration is covered in detail in Chapter 22, but the accounting flow is:

1. The customer receives a Payment Request via email/SMS.
2. The customer pays via the gateway.
3. ERPNext auto-creates a Payment Entry on successful payment.
4. The amount posts to your Razorpay Settlement Account.
5. When the settlement hits your bank, reconcile via Bank Reconciliation.

Summary of v16 accounting improvements

Feature	Description
Customizable Financial Statements	Design custom P&L, BS, and CF layouts without code
Consolidated Trial Balance	Unified multi-company view with auto currency conversion
Purchase Expense Booking	Segregated COGS vs. service expenses, stock accounting by item group
Enhanced Budgeting	Real-time enforcement at transaction time, automated alerts
Refactored TDS	Simplified Indian TDS compliance workflow
Refactored Asset Module	Cleaner depreciation and compliance
Landed Cost for Stock Entries	Apply freight/duties to manufacturing and subcontracting entries
Periodic Inventory Automation	Automated journal entries for periodic inventory adjustments
Improved POS	Faster billing, better offline stability, smoother scanning
Performance (Frappe Caffeine)	Up to 2× faster report generation via caching architecture